Dual Process Of Personality And Attitudes Theories

Dual Process in personality and attitudes theories The article studied called â€Å"The continuum Model Ten Years Later† by Susan T. Fiske, Monica Lin and Steven L. Neuberg brings three main topics which are personality, traits and attitudes. There is a big distinction between the information formation and the social cognition. Information formation means in social psychology that information about an individual might become the full impression of that individual. Social cognition means in social psychology that how people process, or apply information about another person might be interpreted based on the knowledge. However this does not mean that by just having a little bit of information about this person that the†¦show more content†¦They might think that what they know might be better than what other know which in some cases might become a problem. Personality relates to human beings differences in their characteristic features of thinking, feeling and behaving. It exists two areas in where the study of personality can be focused which are comprehending individual differences in distinct traits of the individual and explaining how those traits can come along as a whole. Most people have different personalities depending on certain situation and certain types of people. As human being people have tendencies to act differently between being outside of their comfort zone which will be in a social situation and being at their house or with their close friends. This is called having double or multiple types of personalities. However, I will not relate this as being a dissociative identifies disorder because in this case it is a choice made by the individual of acting differently in different places with different social types. For example, I have seen recently one individual at work that is acting very differently than what he is originally as a person. The way I see this person is that when it comes to a place outside of his comfortShow MoreRel atedThe Influence of Personality and Attitude on Consumers Behaviour1494 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Personality and attitude are both internal factors (inner characteristics) that influence a consumers’ behaviour. Research has been done on these internal factors and researchers have come to the conclusion that inner characteristics are those characteristic that distinguish one individual from another such as mannerisms. Some research implies that early childhood experiences and dual influence of genetics can have an influence on the development of one’s personality; other impliesRead MoreCognitive Psychology : The Mind As An Information Processor1331 Words   |  6 Pagesevery human s daily life. Cognitive Psychology is the scientific study of the mind as an information processor. In a simpler definition, it is the study of how our minds interpret and process things that we either are informed of or something we take into thought. Cognitive Psychology is a part of our attention process, language use, our memory for both long and short term, perception, problem solvin g, creativity, and the way we think. Each of these different features are a part of how we perceiveRead MoreEarly Exposure Of Foreign Literature1425 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, been one of the foremost tools used for social action and change. From describing social climate and conditions to using satires to bring about desired adjustments, literature has played a very important role in the development of social attitudes. Albrecht’s 1954 essay on the relationship between literature and society sums it up perfectly; literature not only acts as a reflection of society but also has an influence on cultural ideals and social stability. In this study, the aim is toRead More2 Process Theories of Motivation1526 Words   |  7 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Motivation theories are primarily divided into two major types which are the content theories and the process theories. This report aims to critically evaluate two process theories of motivation which is the Expectancy Theory by Victor Vroom and the Equity Theory by John Stacy Adams. The methodologies used in this report include a study and analysis of textbooks, writings and journals from the internet. As a conclusion, the question is not whether each of these approachesRead MoreThe Ethical Concerns Of Psychotherapy1229 Words   |  5 PagesPsychotherapy is an interactive process between two individuals or more for the purpose of the improvement or the relief of the suffer of the person from compulsion, troublesome behavior, depression, etc. The process has to be done by using the therapeutic methods which logically relevant to the case under the regulations by laws and the profession. The therapist required for psychotherapy is proficient in both the theories of formation of personality and the techniques and theories of cognitive behavior modificationRead MoreAnalytic Thinking, Religion, and Prejudice1473 Words   |  6 Pagesthe intersection of religion and analytic thinking are complex and intransigently debated topic in the both social psychology and cognitive science literature for a decade. Moreover, the idea that religions facilitate acts that cause the negative attitude s toward especially religious out-groups has relatively a long theoretical and empirical history in social psychology (Allport Ross, 1967; Altemeyer Hunsberger, 1992; Spilka, 1986; Whitley Bernard,1999) and is the main idea behind the evolutionaryRead MoreGender Correlation Of The Myers Briggs Type Indicator1531 Words   |  7 Pagesin a fifteen question survey regarding how portions of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) relate to age and gender. The participants were selected by convenience sampling. Using questions designed to determine two aspects of each subject’s personality type—whether they relied on Intuition and Sensing, and Thinking or Feeling—and comparing this data with gender, no significant correlation between MBTI score and gender were found. A significant positive correlation between age and Sensing was foundRead MoreThe Manager Conducts Team Building Activities1694 Words   |  7 Pagesa large group. In this activity, the participants a re given name tags where they are asked to write personality types and after doing that are asked to put them on the back of their colleagues where they will be able to see every ones tag except theirs. Nobody knows the tag on their back, but is able to see the others tag. The manager then asked each participant to figure out the type of personality on their back and this he does by asking the questions about other participants, such as â€Å"Am I a manRead MoreEcon3109 Course Notes Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesin the important institutions of the economy. These institutions evolve within the development process. Institutions are the result of past historical and social developments. Since different countries have different pasts, institutions will vary. â€Å"Development is about improving the quality of people’s lives, expanding their ability to shape their own futures† â€Å"Development is the process of expanding the real freedom that people enjoy, with expansion of freedom viewed as the primary endRead MoreWhy Are Human Psychologists Concerned With Human Biology?1548 Words   |  7 Pagesit s axon by means of the chemistry to electricity process. The neuron s reaction is an all or none process. 9-3: How do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells? When the action potentials reach the end of an axon (the axon terminals), they stimulate the release of neurotransmitters. These chemical messengers carry a message from the sending neuron across the synapse to receptor sites on a receiving neuron. The sending neuron, in a process called reuptake, then reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitter

Aristotle introduced the three classical modes Free Essays

This paper focuses on several key concepts presented in Aristotle’s works. The rationale behind such a choice is associated with the fact that Aristotle’s works are widely believed to be among the most important texts from the history of rhetoric (Herrick, 2004). Another reason for an in-depth focus on Aristotelian rhetoric is that many theories he developed are still widely used for effectively advancing arguments in the public discourse. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle introduced the three classical modes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aristotle introduced the three classical modes of persuasion — Ethos (appeal to authority), Pathos (appeal to emotion), and Logos (appeal to logic). As concerns Ethos, audience tends to believe speakers that elicit respect and demonstrate their credibility. Personal qualities that render speakers such credibility encompass a sense of wisdom (phronesis), goodwill (eunoia), and strong moral character (arete). Pathos, for its part, implies that a speaker possesses the ability to arouse strong feeling and emotional reactions in his or her listeners. While Aristotle acknowledges the importance of the aforementioned modes of persuasion, he strongly deems that Logos is the most important and effective. Logical reasoning is occurring in two main forms: induction and deduction. Inductive reasoning entails arriving at a certain conclusion on the basis of specific examples. Deduction implies ascribing certain qualities to objects or phenomena on the basis of a general rule. Aristotle also investigates the concepts of syllogism and enthymeme. A syllogism, which is essentially a form of deductive reasoning, is defines as ‘a discourse in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so’ (Aristotle, 1989, p.2). A syllogism consists of three elements, namely the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion. Each premise has to have one term that conclusion also contains; it is referred to as the middle term. The major term (a part of the major premise) is referred to as the predicate of the conclusion, and the minor term (a part of the minor premise) is referred to as the subject of the conclusion. An example of a syllogism presented by Aristotle is as follows: since all humans are mortal (major premise), and Socrates is human (minor premise), it is possible to infer that Socrates is mortal (conclusion). How to cite Aristotle introduced the three classical modes, Papers

Health Care Interventions For Indigenous People †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Health Care Interventions For Indigenous People Answer: Introduction Indigenous people across the globe are custodians of a wide range of biologically diverse areas and hold the responsibility of contributing towards the cultural and linguistic diversity of the world. These group of people are often subjected to marginalisation, discrimination and conflict in socio-economic context. Their way of life has been put under threat against urbanisation and globalisation, and the social inequalities they suffer have been reflected repeatedly in the health issues arising within he population (Gibson et al. 2015). The present report aims to critically analyse the social as well as economic influences on health outcomes of the indigenous populations. The health issue selected for the paper is diabetes which is being examined within the context of two indigenous population, the Maoris of New Zealand, a developed country, and the Adivasis of India, a developing country. The paper compares and contrasts how the social determinants of health influence this problem in both populations. How the social determinants been addressed in an intervention aimed at combatting the problem is also discussed. Health issue within the context of two indigenous populations Though the ethnic composition of the population of New Zealand is predominantly of European descent, the indigenous population of the country comprises of the Maori population and other indigenous groups. The prevalence of diabetes among the Maori population is high, with distinct differences in statistics between the two. With the increase in ageing population and rapid demographic changes, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is also on the rise. The Maori population are known to suffer from high rate of diabetic nephropathy and in comparison to the non-indigenous population they have increased chances of developing renal failure due to diabetes. Self-reported prevalence of diabetes among this population, as reported in the year 2013/14, is almost twice that of the non-Maori population. Research shows that a much higher level of disparities between the M?ori and non-M?ori is prevalent for diabetes complications (Atlantis et al. 2017). In India, the high prevalence of diabetes among the common population has grabbed the attention of public health departments to immediately take necessary actions. This is specially true for the indigenous population of the country, referring to the adivasi community. Studies identify that indigenous population of the country develop diabetes at least ten years earlier than the non-indigenous population. The medical complications arising within this population as a result of diabetes is nephropathy, chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic interstitial nephritis (Harris et al. 2016). Comparison and contrast of how the social determinants of health influence this problem in both populations The predisposition for indigenous population to develop diabetes is indicated to have a relation with young age at the onset of diabetes and socio-economic as well as cultural factors leading to insufficient access to medical care (Zimmet et al. 2014). Income is considered to be the most vital determinant of health as there is a correlation between low income and poor health outcomes. In India, the indigenous people have a high risk of suffering from diabetes without proper care regimen due to low income. This can be understood well in light of the fact that India is a developing country and there is economic instability across the different areas. However, the impact of this determinant of health is similar in New Zealand, which is a developed country. The Maoris experience a financial crisis that has a direct impact on their health. Poverty in New Zealand has become a topic of public discussion over the last few years. Patients suffering from diabetes as a result of poverty are not in a condition to treat this issue with required eating habits. Likewise, in India, the scenario is somewhat similar to most of the indigenous population living in poverty, unable to afford the nutrients required to combat diabetes. Education level is critical in determining the economic and social position and therefore health status. The Maori population is known to attain a high level of educational participation through a high level of literacy. In contrast, indigenous people in India have low education levels. As a result of low education levels, the patients suffering diabetes are not in the position to understand the adverse implications of diabetes. The knowledge base they have regarding diabetes is less, and it is difficult to make them understand the importance of adhering to a strict management plan (Holt et al. 2016). Cultural and ethnicity play a pivotal role in the health outcomes of the indigenous population. The concept of culture in the broad sense is the norms and accepted patterns of behaviour in a group within the society. As indicated, the tendency to adhere to traditional beliefs and customs regarding health is the man cause of poor adherence to treatment procedures. In India, the indigenous people prefer referring their traditional and cultural remedies for diabetes that are not appropriate under many circumstances (Kaveeshwar and Cornwall 2014. Likewise, within the Maoris, culture is central to their well-being and how they perceive diabetes. Cultural inequalities are the underlying socioeconomic determinants of health (Farmer 2015). How the social determinants are been addressed in an intervention aimed at combating the problem Maori leadership has been identified to be a key tool for developing health promotion within the Maori community. The intervention that has proved to be effective in addressing the social determinants of health among the Maori population is health care delivery through Maori health care providers. This approach has been important to bring changes in the health behaviours of the vulnerable population through creating a social connect. Use of Maori models of health promotion is a key philosophy underpinning the primary health outcomes of the patients. Maori specific services have been crucial to developing a bond between the care providers and thereby bringing changes in the way this population perceive their healthcare. These care providers work mainly with the families who suffer from the adverse impacts of low socio-economic factors and drive the changes that can be brought within this context. The providers address the issues such as low health literacy and educational levels so th at there is an increased knowledge about the risk factors for diabetes and the management practices. However, it is too soon for assessing the impact of major provider health organisations on addressing the social determinants of health (Cram 2014). In India, cultural safety education has been implemented in parallel with other interventions to improve access to the indigenous population to mainstream services of healthcare in order to combat the socioeconomic determinant. Cultural safety acts as a framework for education imparted regarding diabetes prevention and management. The initiatives of cultural safety include the teaching of the advantages and disadvantages of traditional care practices in relation to health. In addition, it strives to identify the social and cultural attitudes impacting the perception of individuals. The community is given a chance to reflect on their view and expression regarding diabetes and share their cultural experiences governing them. Self-awareness is constantly being promoted, and healthcare professionals are advocating cultural non-immersion approach. Along with confronting and understanding the issue of cultural health practices, a critical component of the education is to achieve an overall improvement in the socio-economic determinants of health in an indirect manner (Farmer et al. 2016). Conclusion Coming to the end of this report it can be concluded that prevalence of diabetes among the indigenous population of both developing and developed countries are continually compelling public health departments to implement strategies to address this health issue. Though much progress has been made as these strategies address the social and economic determinants of heath, there is scope for improvement in this area. This can only be achieved through research and involvement of the population in health decision making. Reference Atlantis, E., Joshy, G., Williams, M. and Simmons, D., 2017. Diabetes Among M?ori and Other Ethnic Groups in New Zealand. InDiabetes Mellitus in Developing Countries and Underserved Communities(pp. 165-190). Springer International Publishing. Cram, F., 2014.Improving M?ori access to cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular health care: Key informant interviews. Auckland: Katoa Ltd. Farmer, A., 2015. A Community Based Participatory Research Approach to Create a Diabetes Prevention Documentary for M?ori. Farmer, A., Gage, J., Kirk, R. and Edgar, T., 2016. Applying Community-Based Participatory Research to Create a Diabetes Prevention Documentary with New Zealand M?ori.Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action,10(3), pp.383-390. Gibson, O., Lisy, K., Davy, C., Aromataris, E., Kite, E., Lockwood, C., Riitano, D., McBride, K. and Brown, A., 2015. Enablers and barriers to the implementation of primary health care interventions for Indigenous people with chronic diseases: a systematic review.Implementation Science,10(1), p.71. Harris, S.B., Tompkins, J.W. and TeHiwi, B., 2016. Call to Action: A New Path for Improving Diabetes Care for Indigenous Peoples, a Global Review.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. Holt, R.I., Cockram, C., Flyvbjerg, A. and Goldstein, B.J. eds., 2016.Textbook of diabetes. John Wiley Sons. Kaveeshwar, S.A. and Cornwall, J., 2014. The current state of diabetes mellitus in India.The Australasian medical journal,7(1), p.45. Zimmet, P.Z., Magliano, D.J., Herman, W.H. and Shaw, J.E., 2014. Diabetes: a 21st century challenge.The lancet Diabetes endocrinology,2(1), pp.56-64.

My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, When We Two Parted by Lord Byron and Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day by William Shakespeare Essay Example

My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, When We Two Parted by Lord Byron and Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day by William Shakespeare Paper I am going to be discussing three poems, My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, When We Two Parted by Lord Byron and Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day by William Shakespeare. I will compare all three love poems and discuss their differences in their opinion of love. I will also be sharing their experiences that they have had in their relationships. The first poem I will be discussing is Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day by William Shakespeare. The opening line of this poem shall I compare thee to a summers day is a rhetorical question which is reflected throughout the whole of the poem. This sets the image of a beautiful day, which he compares to love. During the poem he slowly builds the perfect image of the person who he is comparing to a summers day. It is clear to say that he is for love and sees it as a marvellous thing to have. Thou art more lovely and more temperate tells us that the person you love should be more lovely and delightful than a summers day and will bring you more joy. Rough winds do shake the buds of May then tells us that even in summer you get winds and disturbance but love should be powerful enough to overcome these interruptions as he later on says But thy eternal summer shall not fade. We will write a custom essay sample on My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, When We Two Parted by Lord Byron and Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day by William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, When We Two Parted by Lord Byron and Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day by William Shakespeare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, When We Two Parted by Lord Byron and Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day by William Shakespeare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Despite the disappointments love can bring your lover will never lose the beauty that they posses is shown in the tenth line of the sonnet. Shakespeare then goes on to say that even after death your love will never fade as he writes this poem to forever keep this person into eternal memory. The end of the sonnet tells us that as long as mankind exits he hopes that his poetry too will go on and ensure the immortality of his lover. The next poem I will be talking about is My last duchess written by Robert Browning, this poem is an example of how emotions can suddenly turn from sweet to sour. The first impression we get from the poem is the title, My last duchess. This gives us a slight glimpse of what the Duke is like, My imposes his duchess to be property belonging to him, the use of the possessive word my is mildly threatening too. It would have been more formal to had said The Last Duchess. The use of Last is also suggesting that he has the intent of wanting another wife, this is then confirmed later on in the poem. He then uses the phrase Looking as if she were alive which is repeated later on in the poem to remind us of the quality that the Duke can provide and is a reminder of his wealth and power. It would also seem that he would be gloating her, now that he is in control he allows people to see her smile but when she was alive he didnt like other people seeing her smile. That piece a wonder reinforces how he is proud of the painting and the quality that he can have. Later on in the poem he tells us how he would not stoop to tell her how he was offended by her common courtesy to those of lower ranks and he thought that she was too easily pleased over a compliment or small favour. I choose never to stoop tells us he has a lot of pride and maybe thinks that she has too little pride. The Duke took offence by this as he thought it disgraced his 900 year old name, instead of telling her how he was annoyed he ruthlessly gave commands making smiles stopped altogether. This tormented the duke as he saw his name (Ferrara) as a very special gift and thought she was abusing it. Although she should have reserved her smiles for the Duke and nobody else it was still an extreme decision and shouldnt have been taken. There she stands as if alive is then repeated just after when he gave commands which gives a sinister effect as it was he himself who gave commands. Just because she was eccentric to other people who are inferiority to her doesnt give him the right to draw the curtain for his duchess. It is arguable that the Duke was jealous, as he wouldnt gloat her when she was alive but does when she is dead. Although the poem starts with a light tone when he describes her picture, there is a later a detectable change where he starts to express his feelings. As the poem closes he mentions a wonderful casting of Neptune, as if it couldnt compliment itself he points it out. Throughout the poem the Duke expresses his loathing for his last duchess to the Count. This poem demonstrates how presumably passionate love that made him marry her turned into pain and disgust resulting in a cold end to the relationship. However the pictional reference he gives to her is a wonder and yet he unjustifiably killed her. The poem is also in rhyming couplets, which gives a proud feeling. When We Two Parted by Lord Byron is in many respects similar to my last duchess as both relationships end bitterly. The title When we two parted tells us already that once again love did not last, and the next line In silence and tears tells us it was not a joyful, but solemn. Half broken-hearted suggests there was increasing sorrow after the breaking up; it also compliments the title of the poem. Lord Byron then says Pale grew thy cheek and cold, Colder thy kiss shows us how he is in despair and shows how disgusted he is with her as the love has lost its passion. However later on the poem begins to become unravelled as And light is thy fame tells us that she had a bad reputation. As he overhears other people talking about her in a non-respective way. And share in its shame, he has become humiliated to have been with her. This lights Byrons flame as he rages on to say A knell to mine ear. He has become so shameful to have been with her that when he hears her name it is like a beating to his ear. They know not I knew thee shows he knew her sexually and very intimately. Who knew thee too well tells us that other people knew her sexually. During the end of the poem we see his sadness that if he were to see her again he would greet her with Silence and tears as it would bring back all his haunted memories. From these poems I conclude that love is a very precious thing to have, but can also turn into hate and regret as we discover in Lord Byrons poem. Its clear that Shakespeare sees love to be precious whereas this is less evident in the other two poems. This is shown as Lord Byrons poem is all about dwelling, shame and hurt which makes him feel so disgusted with his lover that he cant bare to hear her name again. We see an unhappy relationship, which turns into obsession and turns in contrast to absolute hate. My Last Duchess also tells a bad experience with love which ends in the most extreme action. Shakespeare says that it is not love if it changes, but I disagree because there are all sots of possibilities. For example your lover could cheat on you. Shakespeares poem shows how love should be judged and how good it is when you have it. All in all I would say that love is a very delicate thing, which is precious whilst you have it and to be cautious not to damage the relationship, it is also short and can be unpredictable so make the most of it.

How to Write a Cover Letter Full Template

How to Write a Cover Letter Full Template SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you on the hunt for a new job? If so, cover letters are an essential part of your applications. They’re often your first opportunity to communicate with a hiring manager and stand out from the crowd. Because cover letters play such an important role, they can often feel almost impossible to write. To help you break through writer's block,we’ve put together this comprehensive cover letter template with real examples.Scroll down for the full template, or first check out some tips to guide your thinking. When Do You Need aCover Letter? Cover letters play a key role in the hiring process. Typically, you send a cover letter along with your resume when you apply to a job.You might also write one to make a general inquiry about potential opportunities with a company you’re interested in. If you’re enlisting a headhunter in your job search, then you’ll also need to provide a cover letter to help him/her understand your qualifications. For the purposes of this guide, we’ll mainly stick to cover letters that you send when you’re applying to a job. The general advice, though, applies to all types. To write an effective cover letter, you need to know what to include and what to leave out. To help guide you through the writing process, I've picked out the four most important characteristics of a greatcover letter. What Should a Cover Letter Say? Cover letters can be challenging because you have to say a lot in only a few words.In most cases, your cover letter should justbe one page. You have tostrive to be concise while describing how your qualifications match up to the new job description. Plus, you want some of your personality to shine through and connect with the reader! There are several elements to a great cover letter, but I've highlighted the four most important ones.When you’re writing yours, keep these overarching goals in mind. Your cover letter should accomplish the following: 1. Focus On What You Can Do for the Employer Rather than talking about how great the job would be for you, you should instead focus on what you can bring to the organization. This might a subtle shift, but it helps you keep your cover letter focused and on point. Before you start writing, make sure to deconstruct the job description and investigate the industry. Gain a clear understanding of the new position and its requirements and express this understanding in your letter. Then you can analyze your specific skills, knowledge, and qualifications in relation to the job requirements.Consider both "hard" technical skills and "soft" transferable skills and professional behaviors. Even if you haven't worked a related job or have jumped around, you can show how your skills would transfer to the role. Transferable skills can bejust as if not more important than a directly related work history.Present your skillsin terms of the contributions you could make and value you could bring to the organization. Use the STAR framework - Situation, Task, Action, Result - to brainstorm specific examples for your cover letter. 2. Give Specific Examples with the STAR Framework Your cover letter is an opportunity both to personalize your application and to differentiate yourself from other candidates. It shouldn’t simply be a repeat of your resume. To make your letter unique and personal,you should incorporate a specific example or two of your accomplishments into your letter. If you focus on your marketing skills, for instance, then you could provide a specific example of an especially effective marketing campaign. If you say you helped students improve their English language skills, then you might add a sentence or two about a student and the activities you implemented to help her learn. One useful framework for brainstorming specific examples is called the STAR approach. It stands for Situation, Task, Approach, and Result. To use this framework, consider a situation you faced or task you were assigned. Then think about what approach you took to address it. Finally, what were your results? This framework isn’t just useful for your cover letters; it’s also a helpful approach when you interview. It helps take your ideasfrom the realm of the abstract to the real. Instead of vague descriptions, this framework helps you zero in on specific demonstrations of your skills and experiences. It helps you tell a story about who you are. 3. Communicate Enthusiasm Now that you have an initial sense of the content of your cover letter, let’s talk for a second about tone. Overall, you want your letter to communicate a strong sense of enthusiasm. In many ways, your cover letter is your marketing tool. It communicates your personal brand, the bundle of skills, experiences, and behaviors that defines your professional identity. You can use it to reveal some dimensions of your personality. As the best cover letters are highly customized, they should express excitement about the specific position and organization.Often, the most memorable cover letters are the ones with the most personality and enthusiasm. You might start out by saying how pleased or excited you were to learn about the position or state your great interest in joining the team. Your enthusiasm, as well as the effort you put in to craft a strong letter, should shine throughyour wholecover letter. 4. Be Readable, Clear, and Brief Another important, if challenging, feature of your cover letter is its readability. Consider the perspective of the hiring manager. They may be pressed for time and reading lots of applications. They want to be able to get to the heart of what you have to say without putting in lots of effort. For any Lit majors out there, think Ernest Hemingway rather than James Joyce. Your letter should cut to the chase and present its points in a clear and straightforward way. Aim to be concise and precise. Ultimately, your goal with a cover letter is to say a lot in a few words. This can be a challenging task, but don’t worry - even if your letter starts out wordy and scattered, you can tighten it up as you edit. First drafts are supposed to be unpolished. By revising and proofreading, you can bring your cover letter into its best form. The level of formality might vary by industry. A traditional corporation might look for a more formal letter, while a start-up in a creative industry might want to see something untraditional and conversational. Changing up the style and format can work in your favor and help you stand out, but make sure that your writing remains clear, concise, and approachable! Now that you have an initial sense of what should go into your cover letter, let’s take a closer look at theform of the letter itself. First, an important disclaimer about application instructions. Then read on for the full cover letter template, explainedpiece by piece! Your cover letter's not the time to wander off on tangents. Aim to be clear, concise, and readable. Disclaimer: Follow Application Instructions As you just read, there can be a lot of variation among cover letters depending on the job, industry, and your personal style. Another key factor that determines what your cover letter looks like and how you send it is the application instructions. Many jobs will give you certain guidelines, so you should make sure toabide by them. They might ask you to apply through a job application portal and paste your cover letter and resume into text boxes. Similarly, they might ask you to paste your cover letter and even resume directly into the body of an email. If this is the case, then you don't have to worry too much about formatting, as this plain text format will largely removeany special features. On the other hand, you might be instructed or choose to send your letter as a hard copy or a Word attachment. If you attach your letter, then you can just write a brief message in the body of the email telling your reader to check out the attachments. In these more traditional modes, you can customize your formatting more. The instructions might also give you a word limit or tell you about next steps. Some jobs explicitly say, "No calls," to make sure the office doesn't get bombarded with communication. Make sure to read and follow any application instructions as you prepare your materials.That being said, let's dive into the template to help you guide your cover writing letter from start to finish. How to Write a Cover Letter: FullTemplate At the risk of undermining the template you're about to read, I want to start with a word of caution. Don't follow this template too religiously! The best cover letters are unique and customized. You want to stand out from the crowd of other applicants, not blend in and lose your edge. At the same time, the strongest cover letters typically do have certain features in common. Most start with a strong opener, followed by two to three body paragraphs that argue for your candidacy. Finally, they end with an enthusiastic conclusion and your name. The first part of your letter depends on how you're sending it. You may add a header, or start right in with the salutation, as you'll read below. 1.Choose Your Format To start your letter, you may add a header or start right in by addressing the hiring manager. Traditionally, cover letters included a header at the top withboth your and the hiring manager's contact information. If you're sendinga hard copy of your cover letter or attaching it as a separate Word document, then this format is a good one to use. However, many other applicants simply copy and paste their cover letters directly into the body of the email. Other companies use job application portals that ask you to copy and paste your letter into a text box. In these cases, you can skip the traditional contact information at the top and just start right in with the salutation. If you're using a traditional format, then you'd write your name, address, and the current date at the top. You might also include your phone number and email address. Ideally, your header would match the one you use on your resume to give your entire application a cohesive, packaged look. Your letterhead could look something like this: Gina Sullivan55 Cambridge St.Cambridge, MA 02138 June1, 2016 Again, some people also have their phone number and email at the top. Others include it at the bottom, after their signature and printed name. Either way is fine, as long as the hiring manager can clearly see how to contact you. Below the date, you couldinsert the hiring manager's contact information. Ideally, youcan write to a specific person who has the power to hire you. If you can’t find any specific contact information, then you could just put the company and its address.Here's an example of the contact information for a school principal: Dr. JossNicholsSchool PrincipalCityville Middle School1 School RoadCityville, NJ 08008 Below this contact information, you'd start right in on the salutation. Again, if you're pasting your cover letter into an email or text box, then you can skip all this formatting! Truth be told, the format of your cover letter is not a huge deal, and it definitely shouldn't be a dealbreaker in the hiring manger's eyes. The content of your letter is much more important. Before delving into that content, let's consider the salutation, or how to addressyour letter. 2. Add aSalutation Addressing your cover letter can be a source of anxiety for some people. Best practices usually dictate that you should address your letter to a specific person, but what if you have no idea who you're writing to? First off, it really is a good idea to try to address your letter to a specific person. Try your best to track down the hiring manager via Google, the organization's website, or LinkedIn. If you can't find the specific person, you might consider writing to the head of the department, if applicable. If you really can't find anyone, then there's one other potential way to personalize an otherwise anonymous salutation. You could specify the position by writing something like, "Dear Content Manager Search Committee" or "Dear Data Scientist Hiring Manager." These greetings indicate that you're writing with a specific audience in mind, even if you don't know who exactly he/she is. If youcan't find any point person, then don't sweat it! You can just write, "Dear Hiring Manager" or "Dear Hiring Professional." You should probably steer clear of "To Whom It May Concern," as it's become a bit overused andsounds distant. Likewise, avoid the antiquated "Dear Sirs." Again, don't worry too much about the salutation. The content of your cover letter isthe part that deserves most of your attention. So without further ado, let's jump into that content, starting with the introduction. There are several tried-and-true phrases you can use to start your cover letter. This, however, isn't one of them. 3. Introduction Your first paragraph is your introduction. It might be three to four sentences and should contain some essential information. First, you should state who you are and why you’re writing. Let the hiring manager know how you learned about the position. If you spoke or networked with one of its employees, share her name (assuming the employee has good relationships at the company). Finally, you should make an impactful statement about your qualifications for the position. You might give a succinct summary of those qualifications before delving into them in the body paragraphs. Some possible openers include the following: I was pleased to see your posting for... I was excited to see your listing for... I’m writing to express my strong interest in... I am responding to your job posting on...for†¦ I’m writing to express my interest in joining your team. I am applying for†¦ As an experienced [position], I was excited to find the [position] opportunity with your organization. While the above lines can work well, you might also think outside the box and start your letter in a creative way.You could start with a story or some sort of personal connection to the organization. Here are a few examples of unconventional cover letter starters: When I tried Instacart for the first time last month, I thought I'd died and gone to grocery store shopping heaven. I've been raving about the company to friends and family ever since, so I thought I should make it official by joining your company asyour next Community Manager. For as long as I can remember, Friday nights meant dinner at Windward. Windwardhas long been a family favorite due to its amazing food, comfortableatmosphere, and friendly staff. As I take my first steps into the restaurant industry, I'd be thrilled to join your team and treat customers with the same hospitality and care that I've always enjoyed. My last boss told me I could probably hold a conversation with a tree (which I took as a compliment). Conversing easily with people from all walks of life has always been a major strength of mine, and it's one that I'd bring to the role of Sales Professional with Match.com. You should probably steer clear of tired phrases that sound pompous or overbearing. For instance, a line like, "If you're looking for an organized, driven worker with great communication skills, then LOOK NO FURTHER" might not make the best of impressions. Once you've gotten your introduction sorted out, you should indicatewhere you learned about the position in the first sentence. I learned about this opportunity from.. I came across this opportunity on.. I’ve been interested in your organization for several years and recently saw that you had an opening for a [position] on your website. I've been interested in joining your company for a long time, so I periodically check the open positions listed on your website. Finally, you mightbrieflysummarize your qualifications for the opportunity. You could give an overviewof your skills or simply set up what you’ll discuss in the rest of the letter. Here are a couple examples: I would bring to this position... As a [profession] with [#] years of experience, I have the skills and experiences to excel in this role. Please allow my to highlight my skills and experiences as they relate to your stated requirements. Now that you have a sense of what should go into the introduction of your cover letter, let’s put all these piecestogether with a few examples. Below you’ll find three examples of cover letter introductions, one for the position of speech language pathologist, another for a web designer, and the third for a software salesperson. Cover Letter Introduction: Three Examples Example 1: I was pleased to see your posting for a Speech Language Pathologist (position #357) on SchoolSpring.com. I will be earning my Master’s degree in Speech Language Pathology from Boston University this May, and I have extensive experience working in schools with students in grades K through 8. I would bring to this position strong clinical skills, fluency in Mandarin, and a demonstrated commitment to serving young learners. Example 2: I was excited to see your listing for a front-end web designer on your website. SunStar has great appeal to me because of its mission to make solar energy affordable to the average consumer. As an experienced web designer who's committed to living a sustainable life, I have both the technical skills and personal passion to excel in this role. Example 3: I’m writing to express my strong interest in joining Voxacorp’s sales team, an opportunity I discovered on Monster.com. With my five years of experience in software sales, I possess the skills and knowledge to excel in this role. Please allow me to highlight my qualifications as they related to your stated requirements. You can consider the main part of your cover letter to beyour argument for why you'd be right for the job. Aim for enthusiasm over aggression, though. Argument: 2-3 Paragraphs The body of your cover letter is typically two to three paragraphs. Two is usually best, unless you’re applying for an especially advanced or specialized type of job. Your cover letter shouldn’t go over one page, so two paragraphs usually hits the mark. You might choose to use bullet points here, rather than traditional paragraphs. To give you a sense of how to do this effectively, the third example belowis presentedin list form. If you're applying for a position that involves a lot of writing, though, then you should probably steer clear of bullet points. This format won't give the hiring manager much insight into your writing skills. There are a few different ways to format the argument portion of your cover letter, but they should all share the same mission: to reflect the employer’s top needs and explain how you match them in terms of your skills, knowledge, and experiences. Here’s where the STAR approach (Situation, Task, Action, Result) described earliercome into play. Depending on the position, specific examples that incorporatedata can be useful here. Presenting specific numbers about your sales record or number of accounts you manage, to give two examples, that measure your achievements could make a strong impression. In the argument part of your cover letter, consider ways that you can go beyond your resume points,personalize your candidacy, and tell a story about who you are and what you'd bring to the job. Present yourmost relevant experiences and points first. Below are three examples of body paragraphs for the same positions as above, Speech Language Pathologist, Web Designer, and Software Sales Professional. Body Paragraphs: 3 Examples Example 1: During my internship at the Briar Middle School in Salem, I created and adapted activities to address students’ specific functional needs, including receptive and expressive language skills, articulation, and social pragmatics. To give one example, I worked with a first grade boy throughout the year on pre-literacy and phonological awareness skills. We used reading, oral motor, and explicit phonics activities, along with computer assisted instruction. I relied on my coworkers and current research to determine how I could best help him and consistently collected data and reviewed his progress. By the end of the year, his letter-sound correspondence and oral reading skills had greatly improved. Example 2: As an experienced web designer, I have the technological and design skills that you described in your job posting. I’m fluent in CSS, HTML, and JavaScript and have expertise with WordPress and WordPress plugins. Recently, I designed the main pages for the sustainable clothing company, Oak Tree Co. One majorproject I worked on was the company’s central logo. I reflected Oak Tree’s aesthetic of stylish sustainability in the logo it now uses across its site, social media channels, and newsletters. As a web designer with SunStar, I would similarly create text and graphic content with visual appeal and a cohesive corporate identity. Example 3: Your Requirements My Experience Establish and maintain accounts Established #new customer-to-customer and customer-to-business accounts and maintained #accounts with Waretech; sales record in top 15% of team. Clear communication Spoke with customers daily about their specific business needs; led trainings and presentations for coworkers and new employees. Strong understandingof technology Thorough knowledge of Waretech’s software systems; excellent computer skills; hold ISACA CISA certification. Professional, personable, and passionate Motivated and committed sales professional with strong character references from coworkers; head of SocialCommittee; lead weekly in-office spin classes. Closing Paragraph The body paragraphs are the most challenging part of your cover letter. Once you’ve finished them, you can sum everything up with a concise concluding paragraph. In your conclusion, you might restate your interest in the position. Let the employer know if you attached your resume or any other documents, like reference letters. Let them know when and how to contact you. Some professionals advise applicants to end proactively with a statement about what you’ll do next to continue pursuing the position. Rather than just telling the employer how to get in touch with you, you could say that you plan to contact them in the next few days. You might say you’ll call the following week to set up a meeting or discuss the opportunity further. Of course, you have to make sure you get in touch when you said you would! However, a word of caution about this approach. Some hiring managers might perceive this call to actionas pushy, even aggressive. You especially should avoid it if application instructions explicitly say, "No calls."Prioritize the application instructions first and foremost. Then considerwhether the company is one that would appreciate this forward approachor would be turned off by it. As with all aspects of your cover letter, be thoughtful about your conclusion. It'syour last chance to make a strong impression. Below are a few examples of closing paragraphs for our example candidates. After your conclusion, you should add â€Å"Sincerely† and sign and print your name. If you didn't include it in the header, then you could add your phone number and email under your name. Closing Paragraph: 3 Examples Example 1: My clinical skills and experience in educational settings make me well qualified to serve as a Speech Language Pathologist to youth at Lafayette Middle School. As someone who shares Lafayette'scommitment to social justice and equity in education, I would be thrilled to join the educationalteam. I look forward to discussing this position with youand can be reached by phone or email anytime. Thank you very much for your time. Example 2: As an experienced designer and committed environmentalist, I could bring great value to SunStar in the role of web designer. I have attached my resume and hope you will not hesitate to contact me at 508-664-6644 or sara.smith@gmail.com to arrange a meeting. Thank you for your consideration, and I look forward to meeting with you. Example 3: My skills and experiences as a software sales professional make me well qualified to join the Voxacorpsales team. I would be thrilled to join such an innovative and forward-thinking company. Please don't hesitate to contact me, and I will call you on Monday to see about arranging a meeting. Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to speaking with you. Once you’ve written your conclusion and signed your name, you should spend some time editing for clarity and proofreading for errors.Now that you have a sense ofeach piece of your cover letter, let's put them all together into the final cover letter template! Pay attention to little details, like spacing and word choice, to make sure your cover letter looks great. Final Cover Letter Template As you saw above, most cover letters share a certain structure. At the same time, you can do a lot to personalize your letter and inject your ownpersonality. This template can help steeryour writing, but it's your job to consider the best content and format to use to make an authentic impression! If you're sending your cover letter as an attachment or hard copy, then you shouldinclude your contact information, the hiring manager's contact information, and the date at the top. Additionally, you could choose a traditional font, like Times New Roman or Garamond in a 12-point size. The template below reflects this traditional format. If you're pasting your letter into the body of an email or a website's text box, then don't worry about this formatting. In these cases, you could start right in with the salutation. Check out the final cover letter template below, and then scroll down for some final tips on producing a great cover letter that will land you that coveted first job interview. Your NameYour AddressPhone number and email(optional) Date Contact PersonTitleDepartmentCompany or OrganizationAddress Dear (Contact Person): Introduction: 3 - 4 sentences:I’m writing to express my strong interest in joining [organization]’s team in the position of [job title]. I learned of this opportunity from my close friend and [organization name]manager, [name of contact]. I would bring to this position [two to three main skills]. Please allow me to give three examples of my qualifications as they relate to your stated requirements. Argument: 2-3 paragraphs:As a [profession]with [#]years of experience, I have experience with [skills, knowledge, qualifications]. To give one example... The body paragraphs should reflect the employer's needs and how your skills, knowledge, and experiences match up with them. If applicable, try to use specific data here. Closing paragraph:I’ve attached my resume to give you more information aboutmy professional background. I'm excited to learnmore about this opportunity. You can contact me at 555-555-5555or me.myname@gmail.com. Thank you for your consideration, and I look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely, [Signature] Printed namePhone number*Email* *If not present in header As you saw above, there are several different ways you can phrase your skills and qualifications, and some people choose to present all or most of the body paragraphs in bullet point or list form. As long as you follow general guidelines, you have a good amount ofwiggle room in the body of your letter. Above all, you should focus on communicating a sense of professionalism, competence, and cultural fit. In closing, read on for some final tips about writing a cover letter for your next job application! Writing a Cover Letter: Final Tips Searching for a job can feel like a full-time job in itself, and there’s no scarcity of competition. While writing a cover letter can feel like a hurdle in the application process, you can also see it as an opportunity to give your candidacy an edge. A well-crafted cover letter can catch the reader’s attention and differentiate you from other applicants. It goes beyond the resume to personalize your application, show your professionalism, and flesh out your qualifications and experiences. The tone you use may vary depending on the position you’re applying for. Some start-ups or creative industries expect a more conversationaltone, while more traditional jobs may seek a formal style. Regardless of the approach you take, you should make sure to express enthusiasm for the opportunity and the organization. A strong letter shows your writing skills, attention to detail, and understanding of the employer’s needs. If you’re serious about a job, take the time to craft a concise, persuasive argument that proves you’re the best person for the job. What’s Next? Now that you understand the structure of a great cover letter, check out some samples of cover letters. This guide has more tips for writing your cover letter, along with sixfree cover letter samples! In addition to a cover letter and resume, your job application might call for recommendation letters. Check out this template for writing a recommendation letter, along with a full recommendation letter guide containing 9 free samples.

A Study Of The Theme Of Profiling In Jenifer Thompson Cannino, Erin Torneo And Ronald Cottons Memoir Picking Cotton

A Study Of The Theme Of Profiling In Jenifer Thompson Cannino, Erin Torneo And Ronald Cotton's Memoir Picking Cotton As humans our minds tend to form thoughts based on different aspects towards people without having facts to back them up. It is purely a human tendency sometimes even uncontrollable. This is also known as profiling. Profiling can be based off many things, some for example are age, culture, gender, and race. Almost anything that can set one apart from another sets up the perfect stage for profiling. Profiling or any type of personal judgement in the mind is pure human performance, but said aloud or can cause much harm towards others. Profiling is extremely harmful outside the personal boundaries. Picking Cotton, is a great example of profiling. Its a meaningful story that shows profiling through different aspects. Though sometimes profiling others can simply lead to an argument or fight, this story leads to almost ruining someone’s life. Profiling has negative side effects for all involved, Picking Cotton clearly shows how profiling Ronald Cotton had a major impact on himself, his family, and even the women profiling him, Jennifer Thompson and Mary Reynolds. (As evident by the tragedy of Ronald Cotton’s story, it is imperative that society understands the harmful consequences of profiling a human being based on , to avoid wrongfully punishing or stereotyping innocent people.) (jennifer and ronald) (Cannino et. al 33). Profiling is simply a term defined as the recording and analysis of a person’s psychological and behavioral characteristics, sometimes this is done individually or by placing people in invisible groups. Picking Cotton is most definitely a novel written based off profiling. There is only one road that profiling can be used in good manners. That is purely using good judgement in your mind to profile certain people to test if they are either true friends or people you really want. When in situations where you meet new people and you have to make quick judgements on if they are safe to be around or spend time with; that is when profiling skills come into excellent use. Other than that path, profiling is extremely harmful to all who are involved. Media plays a major role influencing many young adults who take part in watching and listening to profile races and gender among other invisible categories. (because they should not be there in the first place) Growing up under two peopleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s influence for 18 years plays a huge part in the way you profile invisible groups. For example if you were to grow up under parents who were racists, that alone would hugely impact your view towards other races. Some homes force their children to believe what they themselves believe, while others let the children have the freedom to choose for themselves. Either way, the world you grow up in as a child leaves much residue on how your beliefs are formed as you start your adult life. Ronald Cotton was labeled as an African America male in his community due to his negative reputation he built himself growing up. Personally I have profiled others and I have been profiled. It is hurtful judgement that no one should ever have to deal with. Coming from an overseas perspective straight to an American perspective was a huge transition for me. I tried to be the â€Å"American† that I saw all around me, but inside I was the African I grew up as. Many people profiled me as a poor African girl. To make things worse, my parents are missionaries so that only added goody goody two shoes to my list. Yes, I did grow up in Africa and yes I am the daughter of missionaries, but that does not give you the right to profile me as a Christian, poor, African girl. I want people to look at the real me, not just automatically make assumptions due to invisible categories made. When I first moved back, I went in the direction of not telling anyone about where I was from or the family I grew u in, just to see what would happen. People tend to be more intrigued when I let them know where I am from. When they were blind to the fact that I am from Africa they were not as easily intrigued with befriending me, once their eyes were opened they automatically clung to me. It was almost sad to realize that being from Africa helped with the amount of friends I had. When people put me in the goody two shoes category I turned to a rebellion stage just to prove I would not be what they categorized me as. Once they categorized me as a wild child, I again turned back to the goody two shoes. People also profiled me as poor, due to the fact that I attended a name brand school, but instead I wore used or passed down clothing. When I was labeled poor, I automatically jumped to wanting to be the opposite. Realizing that I did not come from a rich enough family to afford name brand I switched to finding used name brand clothing. I was all over the place when I moved here back in 7th grade. Thankfully with those experiences this time around I am a much more grounded and independent person.

Ethnography of Food Pantry Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnography of Food Pantry - Personal Statement Example It was the 24th of March, and we had an appointment with one of the leading food pantry in our locality. We wanted to observe and research about a number of things which were going on there. Charles mumbled a total of twenty minutes as a given allowance, as he sensed that I was still in bed. In about fifteen minutes, I had already arrived at Angel’s coffee shop where we were all supposed to meet before we officially left for the appointment which was in the next two hours. You could tell from the anxiety on people’s faces that nobody wanted to be late. After a short meeting headed by our group supervisor, Ernest, we headed one of our school vans and in about ten minutes, we had our van parked in front of â€Å"St. Vincent de Paul Food Pantry† where we were meant to visit. I loved the color on the billboard; blue my favorite color ever since I was a toddler. I have spent over fifteen years in America, and I have been seeing this building as long as I can remember, but I have never taken my time to find out what really happens at the food pantry organization and how it works. I had a very mutual and exciting feeling as I walked in the organization. An exciting sensation kept tickling down my spine every time the thought of being a volunteer rang in my mind. My eyes fell on a number of benches and on them were several goods. This confirmed my happy feeling. There was a man who later introduced himself to us as Bob, who couldn’t keep his eyes off us. Surprisingly, he was the one who was waiting for us. As we approached, his firm stare turned into a soothing smile which made people’s hearts to feel at ease whenever we were with him. We introduced ourselves and immediately embarked on what we had come to do in the food pantry. It was a good experience seeing so many people young and old working together for the good of all in the working area. An equal amount of different foods were being in plastic bags. At the end of the line, there was a big heap of already packed foods waiting for the clients to come and pick them up. The different types of foods included pasta, tomato sauce, canned corn, vegetables, Mac-and-cheese and chocolates. There was no trace of protein in the packages. As we made our way into different rooms of the pantry foods, we came into the store room where there was a bid heap of donated food. He said that they had stayed there for long, and nobody wanted them. This was really surprising. We were then taken to a room with different sizes of fridges and in it was meat, both white and red. He requested two of us to remain behind so that they could pack the chicken in the polythene bags as it is done when packing food for the food pantry clients. Kevin and Alex volunteered to remain and do the tedious assignment. Kevin later confessed how frozen his hands felt when he was handling the meat. On the further corner was another fridge full of red meat and bread. They had been donated by different donors including organization and had come with different packages. Bob wanted them to have a similar type of package and requested three of us to work on it. I thought this was the place. The group supervisor, Ernest, Charles and I found ourselves working together. We were putting two packs of meat in every plastic bag. It seemed to be very easy to be a volunteer. I must confess that it was a little bit cold but what I was

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Review - Article Example g tool of promotion, but it has provided a wide platform of online market between the consumers and sellers in selling and purchasing of goods and services. Unfortunately, with infinite quantities of information being published on the internet, the protection of intellectual property rights has been introduced in order to protect various brands and products from unscrupulous vendors. Notably, the countries around the world have been striving to best utilize the technological advancement. Among these countries, Canada has efficiently been able to take benefits of e-business, as the country is witnessing an increasing trend of business transaction based on electronic links and data exchange between the sellers and the customers. Accordingly, it was reported by Statistics Canada in its ‘Internet use survey’ that the people of Canada are making greater and more diverse use of the internet and in 2010 nearly 79 percent of the Canadian household had internet access, while 81 p ercent in metropolitan and 71 percent in rural areas possessed internet access (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, â€Å"Intellectual Property and E-Commerce†), Intellectual property includes creation of mind such as names, symbols and designs that are used in e-business or in general commercial activities as well as artistic works. There has been a number of Acts being enacted to protect these e-business intellectual property including the patent rights, Trade Marks Act, Industrial Design Act, and Copyright Act among others. These require the inventor to register patents, symbols, designs, music and artistic work with respective Acts or the agencies dealing with such activities. Any infringement relating to intellectual property permits the licensers and the licensees to sue against the third party under the Canadian intellectual property rights (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, â€Å"Intellectual Property and E-Commerce†), Privacy is a major issue which is concerned with the

Reliability and validity Essay Example for Free

Reliability and validity Essay Normally when a survey and research is carried out the results should be tested to prove whether they are valid and reliable. Therefore I have come out with the following responses to judge the following students wrong or right. Student number one has no concrete ideas on what validity and reliability means. In the first place validity is not judgmental but objective. For the response to be valid the results should be seen to be working and practical. Reliability according to student one is a little bit applicable and I can therefore accept it. He/she argues out correctly that comparing the responses of groups’ pools and relating the accuracy of the out comers can achieve reliability. However one thing that has been ignored is that for the response of this student to be reliable then it should be done repeatedly is when comparisons on the accuracy can be done. Student one has not got the exact meaning of validity since a data is only valid when it has been tested and the results or outcome is accepted. This is always done at some levels of confidence interval. One cannot just pass a judgment that given information is valid before testing the results. For the second student reliability is properly defined and explained. For a data to be reliable automatically the test result should be consistent. Student two also has a bright idea on validity. A good test it said to reliable and valid if it is consistent and measures exactly what it tends to measure. I believe that the results that the students will get from the use of the healthy eating index as a tool on the changing quality of nutrient intake for 9th grade female athletes at the love joy high school will be accepted. The third student is a bright statistician as he/she uses a lot of statistics to express his mind. Results of a test will be reliable when they are consistent. Consistency is achieved after several repetitions of the test are done. His/her reaction on validity is also okay. The research measurement tool should only measure what it purports to measure. The different types of validity are also discussed clearly by this student. Student 4 is completely mixed up on differentiating the term validity and reliability. Basically validity is not whether or not the research explains or measures what he/she said he would be measuring. The validity should be based on the fact that the test should measure exactly what it is to measure. Again for results to be reliable they should be consistent after several experiments performed. You can use an instrument that gives accurate results but this doesn’t mean that the results will be reliable. His findings on the course curriculum may be misleading or not trusted in the long run. The fifth student is also wrong on the way he responds to validity and reliability. His argument is subjective in nature. Reliability doe not mean ability to be able to rely on the research instrument but it means the consistency of the results produced by the research instrument. The sixth student is judged right on how he defines the term validity and reliability. However he does not know how validity and reliability is achieved. It is not a matter of relying on the test tool and how it is administered but the tool should be able to test the exact thing it is suppose to test. Therefore relying on the test tool can create results that are not valid and reliable. The seventh student has not properly brought out the exact meaning of the two terms. Reliability has to do with the consistency of the test results. Therefore some measuring tool should be used. Success of any study cannot be generalized unless it is tested and found to be consisted and accurate. This is when we can rely on the results. The eighth student summarizes the discussion on the two terms very smartly. To be simple and to avoid confusion a test is valid if it measures what is says to measure. Then very smartly he defines reliability as the consistency of measurements. All the information collected from the survey he wanted to carry will be reliable if they are consistence. Otherwise I have no objection with his argument when he says that validity reliability assure that tests and results are done and performed in the most accurate manner. Reference: Louis, C. (2003). Research Methods in Education New York: Routledge Publishers.

Are Cell Phones Necessary? :: Technology Communication Essays

Are Cell Phones Necessary? Sifting through his latest screenplay on the way to class, Geoff Yetter ignores the muffled sound of a computer-generated rendition of Johan Pachelbel’s Canon in D coming from inside his book bag. â€Å"Porcupined onions,† he curses to himself. â€Å"I’ll call them back when I’m free.† Yetter, a senior film and video studies major at the University of Oklahoma, said that although he has a cell phone, it is only because he considers them to be a â€Å"necessary evil.† â€Å"At the risk of coming off as one of those ‘hippie’ types, I truly see a cell phone as a leash that ties you to a world that man shouldn't belong to,† he said. â€Å"No matter how much one tries, you can never escape anyone if you have a cell phone.† Over 110 million Americans own a cell phone, according to a study done by the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA). With an average of 46,000 new subscribers every day, CTIA experts project that in 2005 there will be over 1.25 billion cell phone users worldwide. Increasing numbers of college students are abandoning landlines in lieu of simply using their cell phones as their only contact number, said an Oct. 10, 2004 Wesleyan Argus article on the drop in dorm phone subscription rates at Wesleyan University. The article calls the drop so significant that landlines on campus â€Å"seem anachronistic.† In a school like Northeastern University,a fast-paced, career-driven school in a major metropolitan area, having a cell phone is almost a necessity for students. While there are many factors to consider when deciding to purchase a cell phone – convenience, price, minute plan, clarity of service, when it will be used, health risks– it comes down to a simple necessity of a convenience for most people, said the Argus article. â€Å"I have my cell phone to keep in touch with friends and family from home,† said Kirsten Baxter, a junior mechanical engineering major at Northeastern University. â€Å"My family lives on the West Coast so it would be long distance on a regular phone so I (set up) a cell phone plan with nationwide minutes.† Having a cell phone also makes more sense for her as a college student because with a landline she might have to set up a new number every time she moves in addition to it being obviously less portable, she said. Many newer cell phone models are multimedia devices with â€Å"telephone† merely being one of the features.

Hamburger †Fast food Essay

Market and environmental analysis is an essential part of an organization’s External Analysis. The main objectives of a market analysis are; a)To determine how attractive a market is. b)To understand the dynamics of the market and amend strategies accordingly. Here we apply the dimensions of a Market Analysis to McDonalds corp. 1)Emerging submarkets; McDonalds failed to recognize the changing trend in customer’s preferences to better tasting, fresher food. This trend led to new sub markets emerging for tastier, fresher and fast food perceived as healthier. A few of the smaller/privately owned competitors (Cosi and Quizno’s) were able to operate in niche markets selling gourmet sandwiches and salads. The emergence of smaller restaurants offering easy access to exotic foods such as sushi and burritos created a more specialized niche market. 2)Size and Growth; With the emergence of these sub-markets and niche markets, McDonalds started losing market share. It now had to share its fast-food mass market with these newly created markets. Even though these restaurant chains were small in size, their growth opportunities presented a potential threat to McDonalds. They operated on service that was better than McDonalds at the same time providing better tasting food, which led to an increase in its sales. This sector was in the early stages of growth where as McDonalds was past the maturity stage. 3)Profitability; McDonalds profitability can be gauged by using Porters 5 factor model. a)Intensity of competition among existing customers was relatively high. Direct competitors like Wendy’s and Chik-Fil-A were able to out perform McDonalds based on service quality by providing quicker service. In comparison McDonalds had a large number of franchises, but will falling service time. b)Threat of new entrants: Other market niches like quizo’s, cosi and small restaurants offering exotic foods also provided a high degree of competition to McDonalds by offering food that appealed to changing customer preferences. The only barrier to entry that McDonalds used was to open a large number of franchises and offer an inexpensive menu; this is however changing as franchisees are leaving McDonalds, lowering the barriers to entry. c)Substitute products would include fast food options available in leading supermarkets, and cafe’s offering exotic foods like sushi. d)Bargaining power of customers. Customers are the main source of income for McDonalds. Customers were not happy with the menu offered at McDonalds and hence took their custom to other restaurants, leading to a drop in sales. e)Bargaining power of suppliers: McDonalds aimed to keep their menu prices low (source more details about suppliers) 4)Cost structure McDonalds strategic focus was on cost and service. In order to raise service quality new kitchens were installed. However, this installation was done for some franchises that did not need it and where the new additions did not help improve business. In order to keep the price of its burgers low, it asked the franchises to sell at a loss. Example: Promoting a $1 burger when the cost to make it was $1. 07. This lack in foresight resulted in rising costs to franchise owners who responded by leaving McDonalds and going over to competitors. This snowballed into falling investor confidence resulting in falling equity. Another cost issue was investing in too many takeovers which it couldn’t handle at the same time as improving service quality and revamping the menu. 5)Distribution Systems McDonalds distribution system was the large and growing number of franchises. However not many of the franchises were posting profits and as per Exhibit 1, more than 500 would have to be closed. One of McDonalds strengths is its distribution system, where in customers come in and have the same experience that they have at any other store. However, this can also be a weakness as providing a consistent experience soon becomes ordinary. 6)Market Trends The fast food casual market was quickly breaking up into fragments. With the rising immigrant population customers now had a choice of items. McDonalds realize this too late and try to counter this effect by introducing new burgers. However, the testing of the new menu does not gauge strongly enough the changing customer preferences and this poor planning led to its failure. Internally changing trends were also blindsided. Franchisees who were the closest to customers were not included in decision making and were thus disgruntled. Here was the need to change the management style from top-down to bottom-up. This would have solved some of the issues plaguing McDonalds, by providing data on what customers want and what products would have a greater chance of success. 7)Key success Factors McDonalds did have some strengths or key success factors; a)Large number of franchises that led to economies of scale. This however contrasted to the ‘small is beautiful’ concept of the niche markets. b)Complete training for franchisees to begin and run their own McDonalds proved to be a good team building exercise. c)Cost of food was low due to economies of scale and economies of size. Moreover, McDonalds was able to negotiate a reasonable price for high quality food products. McDonalds failed to realize the changing trends in the casual fast food markets, as a result of which, a large part of the market share was taken over by existing brands like Wendy’s and new players like Panera bread co. The company also failed to acknowledge competition from the niche markets serving gourmet and exotic foods. This lack in analysis led to lowering of entry barriers for new entrants, loss of market share to competitors (Wendy’s, Chick-Fil-A. ), disgruntled franchisees, and a drop in sales leading to a fall in equity value. Environmental Analysis 1)Political. 2)Economic: 3)Socio-Cultural: There are three cultural forces that influence marketers: a) persistence of cultural values, b) subcultures and c) shifts in secondary cultural values. Of the three, secondary cultural values carry the largest influence on the fast-food market. When the market is interested in convenience, they are more likely to buy fast food; if the market’s secondary values shift and become interested in fitness and health, they will be less likely to buy fast food. (Monash university, 2006) The case shows this shift to gourmet and healthier foods. 4)Technological: McDonalds had begun to notice the importance of technology. The organization was looking at new technological solutions like ERP to improve their supply chain (Newman, 2002) 5)Environmental: 6)Legal. References: Monash university, 2006, Briohny’s Report, Language and Learning Online, Retrieved on 06 May 2008. http://www. monash. edu. au/lls/llonline/writing/business-economics/marketing/3. 3. 2. xml Newman, K, 2002. McDonalds seeks closer electronic relations, iStart. com:Technology in business, www. istart. co. nz, retrieved on 06 May 2008. http://www. istart. co. nz/index/HM20/PC0/PVC197/EX245/AR22537.

Analysis Of A Stakeholder Essay

The Stakeholder in which I decided to research and write about is the AMA or to some it may be known as the American Medical Association. This association’s mission is to better public health and promote the art and science of medicine. The AMA was founded in 1847 by a man by the name of Nathan Smith Davis. The group has since invested in the doctor and patient relationship and has promoted scientific advancement as well as improved public health. Mr. Davis was the first editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association back in 1883 until 1888. The first code of medical ethics was adopted by the AMA delegates and they were the ones to establish the first nationwide standards for preliminary medical education as well as the degree of MD’s. This association has become the largest in American history. The AMA continues to serve as an advocate for the profession, physicians, and patients. The AMA focus on three core areas within health care: (1) Improving the outcome of health care, (2) Changing medical education, (3) and by making sure payment models are delivered efficiently as well as enhancing physician satisfaction. Members of the AMA say they plan on setting goals in order to reach these things. (www.ama-assn.org) By doing so they plan to initiate, identify share, and develop patient-physician decision making. Also when it comes to bettering the system the AMA states that they will: (1) Increase productivity, save lives and money, and improve outcomes and health by developing and practicing it’s delivery, (2) Diversify physician services so that it may reflect the levels as well as its service risk by adopting a good payment policy, (3) and allow physicians to select the models that fits the mode of their practices.(www.ama-assn.org) After reading and knowing what the AMA stood for and the mission in which they are striving to accomplish made me better understand how they connect with the health care field. Now since we all have a better understanding about the AMA I can focus on the Health Care Reform Act and describe the AMA’s position on it. Here are a few things in which the Health Care Reform Act states. Thirty-two million uninsured Americans will be extended medical coverage. In the year of 2014 small business will be allowed to purchase coverage through a separate exchange. If a child has a preexisting medical condition they will not be denied health insurance coverage. Also in the year of 2014 no health insurance company will be able to deny health coverage to anyone. Parents will be able to carry their children on their health insurance policy until the age of twenty-six. Even if illegal immigrants want/need health insurance coverage and they are willing to purchase it with their own money they will not be allowed to do so with any exchange. In 2009 expansion of insurance coverage was the most contentious issue and the AMA was the most visible organization that represented physicians and their views on this issue. The AMA opposed Medicare expansion and proposed coverage of the uninsured primarily through private means. Many AMA members were in disagreement about this but it seems as if the older physicians supported the AMA’s decision but the younger ones disagreed. Many physicians supported the proposals for health insurance expansion in which the AMA opposed. Even though the AMA is considered the most visible organization that represent physicians, it’s views did not represent the majority of the physicians views on coverage expansion in the most recent reform efforts. The AMA felt as if the reform act did introduce and promise some priority goals which were: (1) extend coverage to uninsured, (2) investing in physician’s workforce, (3) proving long term relief from Medicare flawed physician payment formula, (4) focusing as well as increasing the nation’s preventive care and wellness initiatives, (5) and simplifying administrative burdens for patient and physicians. The AMA states that they will continue to work with Congress as well as Administration pushing for the best outcome for physicians as well as patients. (www.ama-assn.org) They also will continue to eliminate the IPAB (Independent Payment Advisory Board), replace the SGR (Sustainable Growth Rate), and Enact the MLR (Medical Liability Reform). With this being said overall it will take time but the AMA states that it will continue to stand strong and firm about its mission as well as its goals in which they are try to reach for its physicians and the patients.(www.acep.org) Even though the disagreed about certain proposals they will continue to fight. References www.acep.org www.ama-assn.org www.nejm.org

male eating disorders essays

male eating disorders essays A flat, lean stomach, with defined, toned muscles, flawless, tanned skin, and a body fat percentage less than an average preschoolers age. Sounds like a familiar description of any given model in Cosmo, Mademoiselle, or Glamour. But in todays society, this description now applies to any Mens Health, GQ, or Details magazine you thumb through. These media images, once only aimed at women, are now increasingly present in male culture and are putting the pressure on men to look perfect. However, the negative results of these images that have been seen in women in the form of eating and image disorders are now beginning to increasingly spread throughout the male segment of the population. These results are harder to spot, though, "because men often attempt to control their weight more by over-exercising than under-eating, and may appear to be physically fine," according to Steve Bloomfield, the Eating Disorders Association spokesperson. Whether through steroids or eating disorders, males face a new threat in terms of body perfection. THE RISE IN MALE IMAGES IN THE MEDIA AND THE ADONIS COMPLEX Being male in America used to be easy. There was hardly a worry about weight, looks, or health. But over the last 20 to 30 years there has been cultural revolution happening that has made men flock to gyms, buy into diet fads, hire personal trainers, and spend more than double what women spend on exercise clothing, equipment, membership, and instruction. All are trying to attain the perfect body, as seen in so many media outlets, and are making it an obsession. Looking at a study done by Psychology Today on mens dissatisfaction with their body, this obsession proves evident. Of the men surveyed in 1997, 43 percent felt unhappy with their present appearance, compared to only 15 percent in 1972. This rise, according to three researchers from Harvard and Brown, is due to what they have labeled as the Adonis Co...

Strategic Management of Amazon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Management of Amazon - Research Paper Example ompanies in the Internet space), Adobe eBook Reader (with this collaboration Amazon beat a major advantage of its competitor, it is estimated that the e-book will be in a few years cheaper than a physical book, and it is already known that this new medium has created its own public, which Amazon.com wants to penetrate). By entering in the European market, it has broadened its customer database, it has compressed transport and distribution costs of orders and it has improved the levels of customer service, thus gaining a significant share of the global market. It expands its customer base to new markets in order to augment its profit margin (the structure exists - it has a powerful customer database - it introduces new products - it penetrates new Internet markets - it improves its profit margin). Amazon is very profitable. ... The decrease in profits was due to special customer promotions. Amazon locks-in the customer by offering him value through original - innovative value added services and it enhances continuously the content of its webpage. Amazon does not sell in the traditional way, it offers customized service. If indeed, we take account of the fact that the confidence-loyalty of Internet customers is for many analysts of a kind of utopia, it is understood immediately that the strategy of Amazon.com is revolutionary. The company has built a large capital value part of which is its strong name - brand in the Internet and with the experience that it has gained, it manages to exploit its reputation to attract both customers and partners - suppliers by concluding strong relations - partnerships with many competitive advantages and benefits. For Amazon.com the customers and the suppliers are simply two different groups of customers who Amazon undertakes to interconnect by providing them with incentives and transaction facilities. The company is essentially an info broker. The company is an undisputed player in the world of on line cooperation, offering a wide range of programs. Through the continuous provision of incentives, it has managed to succeed and achieve various alliances and syndication makes the company ubiquitous in the Internet and so its brand is strengthened. Amazon.com has managed to transform its product markets into an easy and pleasant procedure mainly due to the use of IT and its innovative applications (1-click Technology).The appropriate use of technology favors the increase in sales by essentially contributing to the lock-in of the customer. Communication with the customer is of even greater value through the logistics procedures of

Child Poverty in the United Stated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Child Poverty in the United Stated - Essay Example We have read several articles that address the question of child poverty in the United States. In order to begin to try and gain a critical perspective on this big issue, I will be discussing some of the issues these articles failed to address, in what ways the recommendations they make are unrealistic, and what obstacles exist in the implementation of those recommendations. I will also consider opposing points of view by anticipating the most common objections to the solutions these writers propose. As you will see, even after a brief survey of current thinking on such an important matter, it will be obvious that the issue is both complicated and so interwoven with almost every aspect of society, that while the answer is definitely yes, there is much that could be done to alleviate the vicious cycle of child poverty, there are no solutions that could be successfully pursued without a deep and long-lasting commitment from a very large segment of society because the fact of the matter is: Many have benefited from the very policies and decisions that have created this problem. In Jonathan Marshall’s article, â€Å"Child Poverty Is Abundant†, he asserts that â€Å"economists don’t fully understand the causes of the great inequality [of income] in the U.S,† but it seems to me that the long-term effects of economic decisions in the past 50 years can give us a pretty good idea of the causes, such as freezing the federal minimum wage off and on for years at a time or giving corporations tax incentives for adding jobs overseas or just across the border. Apparently the long-term effect of these decisions on the working poor was not the main priority when they were being made. We need to know why other considerations were thought to be more important, because someone benefited from them, and values different than a commitment

Qualitative methods produce useful but unreliable research. Discuss Essay

Qualitative methods produce useful but unreliable research. Discuss - Essay Example y, the issues and subjects that may be influenced by the emotion and feelings of the masses are generally more suitable for qualitative research methodologies. It is therefore surprising that even though, both the types of researches have their own specific relevance, qualitative research methodology sometimes seems to become less reliable, especially in terms of its validation by a small number of data as compared to the quantitative research which is backed by a large ‘number’. Qualitative research is a very important tool for evaluating trends and behavioural pattern of the people who are in a position to influence a set of defined parameters or vice versa. It is also a very means to analyse how the changes occur in our social lives and how and what the factors that affect our decisions are. It is especially true in the case of gauging trends in consumer behaviour or trying to evaluate public leaning to a political ideology or a burning political issue. It is the reason that social scientists use this methodology to go deeper into the emotional psyche of the public’s moods and attitude and thus try to identify the root cause for their current trends. Consequently, the numbers become irrelevant for the researchers and the emotions and feelings that dictate the attitudes and views of the public becomes primary criteria to the final selection of the research methodology. Hence main features and methodologies of the qualitative research would be discus sed in detail so that we can come to some concrete decision regarding the usefulness and reliability of the qualitative methods. The qualitative research is based on ‘grounded theory’ where the qualitative analysis of the data is used for generating theories that reflect the realities of life. Social scientists are therefore more inclined to use this type of research so that social changes and real life situations could be predicted with relative accuracy at unpredictable and unexpected circumstances. The

Music for image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music for image - Essay Example Numerous theories are used in the film, The Golden Age which takes into account background music into to create emotions and rhythm for the film. In most and other cases, the emotion and rhythm is not always noticeable since it creates a tone for emotions or feelings for the characters and images used in the film. Moreover, in the film, music is used to over shadow change in mood for images and characters. An example is that dissonant music can be integrated to signify an approaching change of scenery or situation which is not visible for menace or disaster. Composers who have greatly influenced my piece include John Adams and James MacMillan whom am utmost indebted for gleaning from a lot of small but crucial compositional ideas. Nevertheless, I have listen to music by other composers who have written for film.These include: John Williams and Michael Giacchino, Ennio Morricone, Malcolm Anold Joe Hisaishi amongst others. The Golden Age is a constantly changing film that heads towards a particular goal,much the same way a piece of minimalistic music flows rhythmically gradually reaching its goal.The purpose of all these is not to interfere with the quality of the film,but to accord the audience more enjoyment space as they experience the ethereal and atmospheric changes in the sound and image. Thus creating a more natural synchronies of these two elements. In the film the Golden Age, background music in the film is used to assist viewers to understand the different linking of the film like scenes, images and others. An example is that the film for example uses particular music for known characters or situations by repeating them at the start or commencement of the situation. Its main purposes in the film are that it reminds the audiences of the motifs or ideas used in the film and their actual meanings. The film sound in the Golden Age is also comprised of numerous conventions and innovations. An example is that it has become quiet

What Makes Subcultures Deviant Cultural Studies Essay

What Makes Subcultures Deviant Cultural Studies Essay This paper will look to answer the question What are subcultures and what makes them deviant? It will then go on to examine and explore how subcultures became apparent and give descriptions of two different subcultures within society (specifically Punk and Rave). To conclude there will be a brief discussion regarding the specific subcultures, their members and the culture they belong to. In order to assess these subcultures it is first only right to define what a subculture is. The definition given by Dictionary of Sociology, Abercrombie (et al) states a subculture is A system of values, attitudes, modes of behaviour and lifestyles of a social group within a largerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦society or organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Most commonly applied to deviant or youth cultures that develop a culture opposed to the dominant culture. Hall et al (1976) started to examine why and how young members of society felt the need to form groups.   Youth is a relatively new term for Britain, as it only really came into existence after the Second World War. Children were no longer sent straight out to work and the emphasis moved more from work to play and growing up with ease, Youth appeared as an emergent category in post-war Britain, one of the most striking and visible manifestations of social change in the period (Hall et al 1976,). Prior to World War 2 there was always a strong ideology, a way of life to which everyone conformed. They held similar values and common goals. The emergence of subcultures challenged this. The majority of subcultures can usually be defined by specific music, with the exception of few, such as football hooliganism. The subcultures explored below can predominantly be distinguished by their music. It would be fair to assume that both the subcultures explored will have had some impact on todays university students. Either their own lives or the lives of their parents surely have been influenced by one of these subcultures. Punks In order to grasp what the punk subculture consists of it is imperative to understand where punk came from and the history surrounding it, as well as how its followers dressed, their ideals, music tastes and attitudes. There are different types of punk examples being Anarocho punk and Oi! Punk. The Punk philosophy addressed many issues including individualism, anti-authoritarianism, political anarchism, and free thought amongst others. Punk was embraced by individuals usually ranging in age from the late teen years to mid or late twenties. Punks can be perceived as members of a deviant subculture due to many factors, for example their musical tastes, dress sense and political views to name but a few. Each of these issues are to be raised in their own right, below. Within the United Kingdom (UK) the punk scene emerged in the late 1970s. As punk was somewhat of an underground movement it is impossible to state when it arrived in the UK. Cahill (1988) states that most would agree that it was sometime in 1975, Britain was suffering from a recession at the time, and in times of extreme hardship, people look for an outlet to their anger Punk gave way for young people to make their frustrations known. They Angela-Marie Gibson had just gone through times of economic decline, so un-employment was rife; add to this the normal feelings that people of this age experience, punk seemed the answer. Marsh (1977) termed Punk dole queue rock. Punk saw bands such as the Clash, The Sex Pistols and The Ramones emerging into British society. Music of this kind was often very anti or intolerant in its lyrics for example regarding parents or notions of love. Then there are other types of music to consider such as the Jam and Sham 69. The Jam are not immediately thought of as an Oi! band, but their lyrics contain political themes which is also applicable to many bands of the genre. The members of the typical punk subculture made their allegiance clear in the way the dressed. A typical punk could be seen sporting light jeans, leather jackets, Doc Martins, ripped t-shirts and, maybe, their dyed hair (some punks associated with Neo-Nazi movements had skin heads). It could be argued that the social class of the people who made up the punk subculture were generally working class, but it has to be considered that punk also consisted of a minority of middle class students who simply enjoyed the punk look, but did not conform to all its trappings. The members of the punk sub culture in Britain are predominantly white. The word punk often goes hand in hand political views. Not all punks developed the same political standing but it should be mentioned that views such as anarchy and neo-Nazism are attached to the punk subculture. The National Front picked up such punk movements as Oi! and tried to use punk to their own advantage. One must mention musical influences such as Skrewdriver, whos lead singer Ian Stewart Donaldson was instrumental in setting up Blood Honour the activist movement widely linked with the National Front. Punks could be seen as quite confused individuals as they wore clothing depicting the Union Jack, yet they sang along with The Sex Pistols and their lyrics of anarchy in the British society it was an alien essence, a foreign body which implicitly threatened mainstream British culture from within and as such it resonated with punks adopted values anarchy, surrender and decline' (Hebdige, 1979, p64) Rave The rave subculture seems to be different to punk in the fact that its follows do not seem to be constrained by social class or political view points. Rave sprang to life and made its way from Ibiza to Britain in the late 1980s and early 1990s.. It is termed by the Guardian newspaper as The fight for the right to party. Initially no one from this subculture was against any figures of authority; they basically wanted to experience a good time with their peers in an environment that had never been experienced before. This did however bring with it violence between the Police and the ravers Collin (1997) is quoted as saying rave is the most spectacular and enduring British youth movement of the twentieth century. The origins of rave can be traced back to the United States of America and the gay clubs in Chicago in the form of House music. Firstly it is imperative to ascertain what it is we are examining. Initially this paper will look at the clothes, attitudes and beliefs of the members of the rave subculture as well as the history that surrounds it. This specific subculture is closely connected with illegal drug taking and (initially) illegal venues where young people could join together to dance, party and take drugs. The countries licensing laws at this time where such that traditional nightclubs closed at 1 or 2 am. The members of the rave community wanted to party on into the night, hence the venues that hosted these events being illegal. It could be argued that the term rave was first seen in Britain in the 1950s and was seen again briefly with the Mods. However, it was the illegal warehouse parties that gave rave the reputation it possessed in the early to mid 1990s. Rave appeared whilst Britain was approaching a state of great consumer spending and the short housing boom of the late 80s was underway. In Government Margaret Thatcher was striving to ensure the British public got her strong messages regarding a capitalist society. She was attempting to portray her vision of every man being responsible for himself, On the 23rd September 1987 she was famously quoted as saying there is no such thing as society www.margaretthatcher.org. The followers of rave could be spotted in their unique clothing attire. This mainly consisted of layered clothing (which could easily be removed once they get hot), young childrens dummies, glo-sticks, whistles and smiley faced t-shirts. The males can be seen sporting tracksuits or baggy jeans whilst the females took to wearing bikinis and short neon coloured dresses. They often related everyday things to drug abuse and depicted this on their clothing. Slogans such as Can I have an E please Bob? were printed on t-shirts. They showed Bob Holness (famous for his long reign as host of blockbuster)  holding an ecstasy tablet. It is argued that at most, if not all gatherings that this subculture attended illegal drugs would be rife predominantly ecstasy, amphetamine, cocaine or LSD. In 1994 the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act was passed. This Act was influenced directly by the events at Castlemorton, where an estimated 40,000 revellers spent a week partying at an event held at the common. Castlemorton was the final nail in the coffin of the unlicensed event (South, 1999) The Act specifically defines music to include sounds wholly or predominantly characterised by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats. This gave greater powers to the Police to act upon raves. The most publicised changes in the Act are Sections 34-39, 54-59 and 60. These changes gave the Police the power to stop an outside gathering of more than 100 people. There was highly publicised conflict in the late 1980s between Police and members of the rave subculture. This, coupled with the knowledge that ravers embraced illegal substances would lead many to think that the followers of rave have little or no respect for the police or the law. Over 60,000 youths marched against the Criminal Justice Bill changes. They were all not from the rave subculture, but they all had the common belief that the changes were not just. The views of the rave sub culture may be seen as polar opposites to that of punk. Followers of rave put emphasis on peace, love, openess, unity and respect for each other. This is argued to be down to the effects of the drugs the ravers participate in. The rave subculture has moved on vastly since the early 1990s. The rave subculture now takes place in most towns and cities every weekend in legitimate venues that adhere to licencing laws. It is now called club culture and is part of everyday life for many. The members may have adapted their clothing to more mainstream atire. It could also be said that it is the rave subculture that has normalised drug use once again for the youth of Britian. It has certianly brought illegal drugs to the forefront. Faces such as that of Leah Betts will be engrained on the minds of many British citizens, predominantly those is their 30s. To quote Cohen (1972) deviance is created by societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and by applying those rules to particular persons and labelling them as outsiders. So, if a person does not share the same morals and belief systems as the majority that then makes them deviant, therefore they have no option but to seek solace in the arms of a subculture. Looking at these subcultures I conclude that it could be argued they were influenced by the rising number of family breakdowns. Could it be that the youth of these eras were looking for a sense of belonging, and the rave and punk subculture gave them what they craved? The leader of the country at the time (Margaret Thatcher) was thought to be trying to in still into the British people that society was not important maybe subcultures fulfilled its followers with a sense of belonging and security? If the people were being lead to believe that wider society was not as important as it had been then can a subculture really exist, as there is no common goal or majority rule. It also must be pointed out that with the vast amount of media coverage both of these subcultures received from the newspapers and television it could also be argued that they were the norm they had so much coverage that to attach a deviant label to them is wrong. Maybe due to the fact that we have only seen these deviations from the norm over a relatively short period of time (Post World War 2) it is still inconceivable to some members of society that freedom to express ourselves should be embraced, not shunned?